| United
States Galvanized Reinforcement Installations
(American Galvanizers Association) |
| A list of known bridges that incorporate galvanized reinforcement in the U.S. compiled by the American Galvanizers Association. A large number of bridges reinforced by hot-dip galvanizing are located in Pennsylvania. It is estimated that over 500 bridges in the U.S. use galvanized reinforcement. |
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| Bond and
Slip of Coated Reinforcement in Concrete
(O. A. Kayyali and S. R. Yeomans) |
| Concrete beams reinforced with black, epoxy-coated, or galvanized steel were tested to failure in flexure and the slip of the reinforcement was monitored. While there was clear evidence of the influence of bar deformations on the bond capacity of beams reinforced with smooth compared to ribbed black steel bars, the majority of the work concentrated on comparing the load-slip behavior of ribbed bars as affected by the presence of surface coatings. Overall, the results of this work indicated that there was no significant loss in bond with the use of galvanized bars, though a significant reduction was observed with epoxy-coated bars. |
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| Comparative
Studies of Galvanized and Epoxy-Coated
Steel Reinforcement in Concrete (S. R.
Yeomans) |
| Comparison of the corrosion performance and pullout strength of black, hot-dip galvanized, and fusion-bonded epoxy-coated steel reinforcement in concrete have been undertaken. Accelerated exposure testing confirmed that zinc coating was able to considerably delay the onset of corrosion and epoxy coating effectively eliminated corrosion provided the coating was not damaged. Pullout testing revealed that there is no significant difference in the ultimate bond strength of black, epoxy-coated, or galvanized deformed bars. The passivation of the galvanized reinforcment with concrete did not conclusively improve the bond strength. |
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| Further
Studies of the Comparitive Properties
and Behavior of Galvanized and Epoxy Coated
Steel Reinforcement (S. R. Yeomans) |
| Further studies of the characteristics and properties of fusion-bonded epoxy-coated steel reinforcement and hot-dip galvanized reinforcement have been undertaken. The comparative corrosion performance of black, galvanzed, and epoxy-coated reinforcement was investigated in which the influence of exposed cut ends of coated reinforcement and the repair of cut ends was examined. Pullout testing of black, galvanized, and epoxy coated plain rebar was also done, as well as pullout tests using galvanized plain reinforcement in which varying amounts of chromate ions were added to the concrete via mix water additions. Where the cut ends of coated reinforcement were repaired, the epoxy-coated bars showed many sites of local breakdown of the repair and corrosion of the underlying steel. In contrast, the repairs to the galvanized bars performed very satisfactorily with little or no evidence of breakdown of the repair even in the wet and dry salt water environment. |
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| Considerations
of Characteristics and Use of Coated Steel
Reinforcement in Concrete (S. R. Yeomans) |
| A review is presented of important considerations in the manufacture, specification and performance of two types of coated steel reinforcement: galvanized and epoxy-coated. Epoxy-coated reinforcment solely lies on its ability to provide a barrier between the base steel and corrosive elements. If the coating becomes damaged, the barrier is broken and corrosion will soon commence and spread across the bar. Galvanized reinforcement provides both barrier and cathodic protection, which allows the coating to protect small areas where the coating has become damaged. The results of a program of acclerated corrosin testing of black steel, galvanized steel, and epoxy-coated steel are presented in this paper. Under teh same conditions in equivalent concrete, galvanized reinforcment tolerated chloride levels 2.5 times higher than epoxy, while delaying the onset of corrosion by a factor of 4-5 times that of the epoxy coating. |
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| Corrosion
of the Zinc Alloy Coating in Galvanized
Reinforced Concrete (S. R. Yeomans) |
| The corrosion of galvanized reinforcement in concrete is a multi-stage process. After a generally long period to the initiation of corrosion, dissolution of the galvanized coating commences with the loss of the outer pure layer of zinc, followed by slow dissolution of the underlying zinc-iron intermetallic layers. Corrosion of the parent steel does not commence until the zinc alloy layers are completly lost from extensive areas of the bar surface. This process results in the well documented delay int he appearance of corrosion of zinc coated steel reinforcement in concrete. The zinc corrosion products appear to cause little or no disruption to the cover concrete and have been observed to fill microcracks and small voids in the matrix, resulting in a an apparent densification of the cement matrix, at distances up to 0.5 mm from the bar interface. |
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| Corrosion
Protection Service Life of Epoxy-Coated
Reinforcing Steel in Virginia Bridge Decks
(M. C. Brown and R. E. Weyers) |
| The corrosion protection service life extension provided by epoxy-coated reinforcement (ECR) was determined by comparing ECR and bare steel bars from 10 Virginia bridge decks buildt between 1981 and 1995. Altogether, 141 drilled cores, 4 inches in diameter, were employed in this study. The corrosion service life extension attributable to ECR in bridge decks was found to be approximately 5 years beyond that of bare steel and, therefore, ECR is not a cost-effective method of corrosion prevention for bridge decks. |
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| Field
Performance of Epoxy-Coated Reinforcing
Steel in Virginia Bridge Decks (W. A.
Pye) |
| The corrosion protection performance of epoxy-coated reinforcing steel (ECR) was evaluated in 18 concrete bridge decks in Virgina in 1997. The decks were 2 to 20 years old at the time of investigation. The concrete bridge deck inspections included crack survey and cover depth determination in the right traffic lane. The ECR inspection consisted of visual examination and damage evaluation, coating thickness and adhesion determination. The condition of the steel underneath the epoxy coating was also evaluated. Adhesion loss of the epoxy coating to the steel surface was detected for 4 years old bridge decks. The epoxy coating had debonded from the reinforcing bar before chloride arrival. Visible signs of a possibility of a corrosion process underneath the coating suggest that ECR will not provide any or little additional service life for concrete bridge decks in comparison to black steel. Other systems, which will provide longer protection with a higher degree of reliability against chloride induced corrosion of steel in concrete, should be considered. |
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| Research
and Update on Galvanized Reinforcing Steel
(T. J. Kinstler) |
| Experimental and anecdotal evidence have shown the efficacy of galvanized reinforcing steel in concrete applications. However, the mechanism for this performance has not been collectively explored. This paper reviews significant experiences with galvanized rebars, and synthesizes these experiences with a newly reported investigation into a paradigm which is consistent with demonstrated field and laboratory behavior. The superior performance of galvanized bars versus balck bars results from a higher threshold for corrosion initiation, reduced corrosion kinetics, and a lowering of stresses induced in the concrete as a result of the mobility of zinc corrosion products. |
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| Kingston-Rhinecliff
Project on Track (Exodermic Bridge Deck) |
| The EXO News newsletter produced by Exodermic Bridge Deck discusses the rehabilitation of the Kingston-Rhinecliff Bridge, located 90 miles north of New York City. A wider bridge deck, new deck joints, and safety improvements were all part of the rehab project, which was conducted while maintaining both lanes of traffic. The corrosion protection chosen for the bridge includes hot-dip galvanized Exodermic deck grid panels and hot-dip galvanized reinforcing steel for maximum corrosion protection. The newsletter continues to discuss other bridge rehab work being done using similar designs. |
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| European
Cooperation in the field of Science and
Technology Studies (COST 521) |
These 2 files
are summaries of the research work on
galvanized reinforcing steel conducted
as part of COST (European COoperation in
the field of Science and Technology)
521, a program that investigated the
Corrosion of Steel in Reinforced
Concrete Structures from 1997 until
2002.
The first file is an overview of the
performance of galvanized rebar in
concrete by Professor Romeo Fratesi and
the University of Ancona, Italy.
Professor Fratesi covers all of the main
issues related to galvanized rebar
performance including the effects of
concrete alkalinity, carbonation and
chloride content as well providing
answers to common questions relating to
the use of galvanized rebar.
The second paper is a summary of the
results from the various COST 521
projects that investigated galvanized
rebar. Topics covered in this summary
include alkalinity of cements,
galvanizing performance in chromate-free
cements, properties of the interfacial
zone between the zinc coating and
concrete matrix and the bond behavior of
galvanized rebar.
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| Hot-Dip
Galvanizing for Corrosion Prevention:
A Guide to Specifying and Inspecting Hot-Dip
Galvanized Reinforcing Steel |
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(File Size: 375KB) |
| Galvanized
Steel Reinforcement in Concrete |
 Reinforced
concrete is one of the most widely used
modern materials of construction. It is
comparatively cheap, readily available,
and suitable for a variety of building
and construction applications. This reference
provides a detailed resource covering
all aspects of this important material.
Both servicability and durability aspects
are well covered, with all the information
needed maximise the life of buildings
constructed from it. Containing an up-to-date
and comprehensive collection of technical
information and data from world renound
authors, it will be a valuable source
of reference for academics, researchers,
students and professionals alike. |
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